SOCIAL ENGINEERING IN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF FOREST AND LAND REHABILITATION IN GIRIMULYO VILLAGE LAMPUNG PROVINCE

Social engineering in conflict-affected communities is critical to the success of forest and land rehabilitation. The purpose of this study is to describe social engineering in the implementation of RHL based on local superior plants. Data collection was carried out by observation, interviews and documentation studies. The collected data were analyzed descriptively to explain social engineering in the implementation of forest rehabilitation. The results of this study show that social engineering is carried out using the principles of collaborative management and listening to what the community wants (bottom up). Coordination between relevant stakeholders needs to be improved in order to avoid differences of opinion in the implementation of activities and the need to increase the human resources of the Agro Mulyo Lestari Forest Farmer Group in order to facilitate the administrative process of managing the administration.


INTRODUCTION
The condition of forest areas in Indonesia is currently experiencing very worrying degradation.In recent years, Indonesia's forest land has experienced quite high degradation, namely 1.08 million ha per year and 30.197 million ha of critical land (Adelismula and Witarto, 2020).Forest damage that occurs is usually caused by rampant illegal forest encroachment, increased population pressure, massive logging, deforestation, forest fires and natural disasters (Pambudi et al., 2019).Land degradation in forest areas is closely related to the conversion of forest land into agricultural land.Land use change is an event that shows a change in part or all of the function of an area that has a sustainable impact on forest ecosystems (Nasruddin et al., 2020).
The change in function from forestry plants to agricultural crops will cause damage to the forest and the living things in it.This situation is a problem that is contrary to the principles of sustainable forest management (Bella and Rahayu, 2021).This transfer of function causes living things to lose their homes.This causes them to enter residential areas (Bella and Rahayu, 2021).In addition, inadequate socio-economic factors are also the background to this, forest management that ignores conservation principles is also a factor causing forest damage (Nirawati, 2013).The damage to the function of the forest requires efforts to rehabilitate the forest so that the forest can be sustainable.
Forest and land rehabilitation (RHL) is an effort that can build community participation in the management and utilization of arable land in accordance with the principles of forest sustainability, based on established forest tenure rights (Pambudi et al., 2019).Forest and land rehabilitation activities aim to reduce forest land degradation and restore degraded land as well as soil and water conservation efforts (Moulana et al., 2022).In line with Tumanggor's research (2008) that this activity can indeed minimize forest damage and restore the function of protected forests as life support.Noormalinda et al. (2021) stated that forest life support systems must continue, therefore forest rehabilitation is one of the most effective methods in minimizing forest damage.Communities who manage forest land to participate in programs initiated by the government based on forestry plants.Community response to the program showed a negative attitude.The community does not accept and do not carry out the program because forestry plants are long-term crops.This means that economically the benefits of plants cannot be utilized in the short term to meet the economic needs of the community.The application of RHL in the field has caused pro and con conflicts in the community.
Conflict will occur when there are differences in perceptions between the two parties.These differences in perceptions can be in the form of interests, values, ownership status, power and scarcity of resources (Nilasari et al., 2017).Limited forest resources that cannot meet community needs are also a cause of conflict over forest resource management.Based on the type of activity, conflicts in forest areas can occur when there are practices of encroachment on forest resources, land occupation by communities, boundary claims, and low land tenure rights (Nilasari et al., 2017).Tenurial conflict in state forest areas is a difference in perceptions in the control and management of forest resources, such as the conversion of forest land into dry land agriculture, roads, and residential areas (Dassir, 2008).Parties with an interest in resolving tenure conflicts include the government, local communities and non-governmental organizations.The government has an interest in securing and controlling forest areas as state forests (Senoaji et al, 2019).Non-governmental organizations have an interest in fighting for community rights to forest resources (Senoaji et.al, 2019).The community has an interest in achieving community welfare (Senoaji et al, 2019).The conflicts that occur require social engineering efforts in implementing RHL.Social engineering is one of the sciences based on influencing the attitudes and behavior of an object so that it becomes a desired characteristic (Hermawan, 2021).Social engineering aims to create a society that is empowered in all kinds of social activities.Tips in social engineering are sought to make social life better.According to Rahmat (2000) social change through social engineering must first start from a change in the way of thinking.Social change will not go in the planned direction if wrong thinking is still being practiced.Social engineering will only be effective if it is able to increase farmers' income, by developing a mindset that is based on a common perception and understanding, the desire to move forward together and take advantage of all the potential and opportunities that exist (Dahlan et al., 2021).
The supporting factors of social engineering in the concept of Servaes (2008) state that the process of participatory development communication related to the concept of empowerment includes grassroots dialogue forums, new functions of communication, the presence of participatory media, sharing knowledge equally and development support communication models.This concept explains that participatory development communication can influence the empowerment of farmer groups.For this reason, the goal to be achieved in this paper is to analyze social engineering that can encourage the empowerment of farming communities.Social engineering that needs to be done is in the form of forest and land rehabilitation that accommodates the interests of all related parties.One of the stakeholders who has the authority to regulate this is the Way Seputih Sekampung Watershed Management Center (BPDAS WSS).
The RHL program implemented by BPDAS WSS is based on a local superior plant, namely siger avocado.Siger avocado is a modified plant for forest and land rehabilitation that can improve the community's economy while at the same time fulfilling the function of an ecologically protected forest.This form of social engineering is accepted by the community because it complies with the principles of environmental sustainability and improves people's welfare.The purpose of this research is to describe social engineering in the implementation of RHL based on local superior plants.

METHOD
Data collection for this study was conducted in October 2022 at BPDAS WSS and in Girimulyo Village, Marga Sekampung District, East Lampung Regency, Lampung Province.This research approach is qualitative.Data collection was carried out by in-depth interviews, observation, and documentation studies.Informants in the interview consisted of nine people namely the Head of BPDASHL WSS, Head of KPHL Gunung Balak, Secretary of Girimulyo Village, Head of Gapoktanhut Agro Mulyo Lestari and 5 people from the Girimulyo community.The data collected was then analyzed descriptively to analyze the social engineering of RHL implementation based on local superior plants.

A. Overview of Research Locations
The location of this research is Girimulyo Village, Marga Sekampung District, East Lampung Regency, Lampung Province which is presented in Figure 1.Girimulyo Village is one of eight villages in the Marga Sekampung District area, which is located 7 km from the subdistrict town and 65 km from the East Lampung Regency and 75 km distance to the Government Center of Lampung Province.Most of this village has the status of a protected forest area that stretches across a plain with an area of 7,769 ha.On July 7, 1988 Girimulyo Village became the Definitive village which was determined through a Governor's decision in 1990.

Figure 1. Research Location Map
Register 38 Mount Balak, especially Girimulyo Village, is one of the protected forest areas that has experienced unresolved disputes.Poverty and unequal distribution of forest resources, especially opening access and controlling assets, have pushed forest utilization beyond its carrying capacity.Most of the forest areas are surrounded by people who are generally hungry for land.Limited quality of human resources, causing limited business opportunities and employment opportunities.Not all people can be accommodated in the formal sector.Becoming a farmer is the easiest way because it tends to be realistic.Communities do not own land as production assets.The easiest way is to clear the forest by encroaching for various purposes, especially for planting plantation and or agricultural commodities.
The things mentioned above have clearly become triggers for conflict.In this discussion, conflict is defined as an embodiment of different perspectives between the various parties of the Gunung Balak community and the Government regarding the same object, namely Protected Register 38 debt, especially Girimulyo Village.This resulted in an increasingly high rate of forest and land destruction, while efforts to enforce law on agricultural activities and encroachment on forest areas actually gave rise to land conflicts with escalations which are increasing day by day.The conflicts that have occurred have emerged into the public arena, such as demonstrations, lawsuits, and various protests against the government.
The willingness of the Girimulyo people, who in fact are in a conflicted position in the management of protected forests, did not happen in an instant, but was a long process.Choosing the right formula is a key that will determine the success of the program.Based on this, in 2020 the Way Seputih Way Sekampung Watershed and Protected Forest Management Agency (BPDASHL WSS) will try to take various approaches to the Girimulyo community.Changing people's behavior, especially people's acceptance of the RHL program, is not easy.Consistent efforts have finally paid off with the acceptance of the RHL activity program through the agroforestry pattern of planting local superior seeds, namely siger avocado.This is the main reason for the community to accept the program because the type of plant is the type of plant desired by the community, and the guarantee of no relocation of land is also an important factor that encourages the RHL program to be accepted.

B. Social Engineering of RHL Implementation
RHL activities in Girimulyo Village began with an inventory of conflicts, social and culture through precondition activities.Precondition is a condition that forms the basis for the process of implementing RHL activities in Girimulyo Village.The preconditioning process is a social engineering effort that is able to change the community's perspective on an activity.This process is very important as an effort to equalize the perceptions of the various parties involved in the implementation of activities and guarantee agreement and commitment in supporting the success of RHL activities.One of the efforts made by BPDAS WSS is to open up spaces for dialogue between various interested parties so that conflict can be used as a discourse for shared learning.The preconditions require that the Central Government as well as Regional Governments be required to act as facilitators and open themselves up in tackling various conflicts.
RHL activities require cooperation and common views and objectives of all parties involved.Inclusiveness in RHL activities at Gunung Balak refers to how the parties involved can position themselves, equate views and perspectives as well as shared commitments so that the objectives of RHL activities can be achieved.Persuasive efforts need to be continuously pursued and the presence of a mediator may be required, according to the level of the existing conflict.Thus preconditioning becomes one of the important stages that cannot be skipped because it relates to fundamental matters in an activity including RHL activities.The following are the various parties involved in RHL activities in Girimulyo Village Register 38 Gunung Balak.
RHL is a multi-year activity that requires strong commitment from all relevant stakeholders.RHL activities require cooperation and common views (Collaborative management) as well as the goals of all parties involved.Inclusiveness in RHL activities in Girimulyo Village Register 38 Gunung Balak refers to how the parties involved can position themselves, equate views and perspectives as well as shared commitments so that the objectives of RHL activities can be achieved.RHL activities on Mount Balak, the multi-stakeholder parties involved and their roles are shown in Table 1.Source: BPDAS WSS in 2022.
The pre-conditions carried out in Girimulyo Village by taking into account the history of conflict and the socio-cultural community are presented in Figure 2. The socio-economic activities of the community which resulted in damage to forest and land functions are evidence that their management pattern has experienced an imbalance, especially in ecological and socio-economic aspects.The complexity of RHL activities requires a more realistic and implementable approach.
Forest and land rehabilitation tends to be carried out as a reactive activity rather than a proactive activity that is integrated with the implementation of existing forest management policies.
Girimulyo village in history has experienced prolonged conflict, so community empowerment must be specific to anticipate program failures in a sustainable manner.Changing the perspective, mindset and behavior is not as easy as turning the palm of the hand and coupled with the history of prolonged conflict.In line with the statement of the chairman of Gapoktanhut Agro Mulyo Lestari that: "When people hear the term "forestry", they have antipathy and tend to consider enemies, there is not the slightest sense of trust, there is suspicion that the government will take the land they are managing".Community views on avocado plant-based RHL activities can be seen in Table 2.One of the efforts made by BPDAS WSS is to open up spaces for dialogue between various interested parties so that conflict can be used as a discourse for shared learning.In this case, the Central Government as well as Regional Governments are required to be able to play a role as a facilitator and open up themselves in tackling various conflicts.Persuasive efforts need to be continuously pursued and the presence of a mediator may be required, according to the level of the existing conflict.Based on these efforts, preconditioning is one of the important stages that cannot be skipped because it relates to fundamental matters in an activity including RHL activities.
In 2020, the Way Seputih Way Sekampung Watershed and Protected Forest Management Center will try to take various approaches to the Girimulyo Gunung Balak community.Changing people's behavior, especially people's acceptance of the RHL program, is not easy.The Head of BPDAS WSS said that: "Our approach begins with an analysis of a very basic problem, namely people's distrust of forestry institutions, so the approach starts individually with farmers who have the same understanding by opening dialogue spaces with the community, on this occasion Mr. Anto.Mr. Anto is a native of Girimulyo who has a hobby in plant breeding.Continuous efforts, finally these efforts yielded results with the acceptance of the RHL activity program through the agroforestry pattern of planting local superior seeds, namely siger avocados".
The Head of BPDAS WSS, namely Mr. Idi Bantara, went directly to the field to carry out preconditions by listening to what the community wanted (bottom up).Preconditioning activities lasted intensively for six months starting from March to September.The pre-conditioning was carried out personally between the head of the WSS BPDAS and the Girimulyo community who shared the same view, namely Mr. Anto Abdul Mutholib.Intensive dialogue in building public trust means that people have a sense of trust in Mr. Idi Bantara.The emergence of the trust of some people is the way to light in carrying out RHL in Girimulyo Village.Communities who already have the same understanding of the importance of RHL are escorted by the forestry extension team to BPDAS WSS to carry out RHL activities based on local superior plants.
The community is not necessarily willing to participate in RHL activities.The community provides requirements, among others, that the seeds used are siger avocado seeds, the naming of activities may not use RHL but the New Model RHL, the naming of groups is sufficient with farmer groups not including the word forest in the mention of the name of forest farmer groups.The community proposed the main plant to be used because siger avocado is a plant that originates and is developed by the local community so that it can increase local wisdom and can improve the community's economy in a real and measurable way.The mention of the New Model RHL in the implementation of the RHL is because the community is of the view that by mentioning the RHL and using the old pattern it is tantamount to subtly displacing the people who are already inside the protected forest area.The rejection of the word forest in the mention of farmer groups is a form of community trauma with forestry agencies.
BPDAS WSS accepted and accommodated all of the farmers' requirements above and responded swiftly to carry out RHL planning in Girimulyo Village, the Gunung Balak Register area.The prolonged conflict between the community and the forestry agency was finally able to melt down and be resolved.It doesn't stop here, after the end of the prolonged conflict, a new conflict arises, namely between Pro farmers and Contra farmers.BPDAS WSS' never-ending approach by conducting outreach and negotiations with the community has created a sense of trust, commitment, sequence and real work in RHL activities in Girimulyo Village, Marga Sekampung District, East Lampung.
The response was responsive, so the BPDAS WSS sent a team to measure the area to be carried out by RHL in Girimulyo Village in October 2020.The team consisted of the BPDAS WSS team and was assisted by students from the University of Lampung Forestry Department who were conducting general practice at BPDAS WSS.Preconditions are conditions that serve as the basis or as prerequisites for a policy implementation process (Supriadi, 2012).In line with research by Tauhid et al. (2021), that preconditions are the responsibility of all stakeholders in the success of the program.Widhagdha and Hidayat (2020), state that trust is important in a group, organization or community to create successful activities.Building the trust of all parties is a foundation in working relationships (Nawawi, 2012).Community trust can be grown by community empowerment.Community empowerment is a strategic effort, because apart from being a threat, the community is also a potential resource.Community empowerment around forest areas is not just to stop area damage but is directed as an effort to provide opportunities, convenience and facilitation to the people who live in the vicinity so that the community is pro-active in the programs implemented.
After the preconditions have been completed, it is followed by land measurement activities to see the certainty of the RHL location.Location mapping is important to find out the actual area in the field and the names of the farmers cultivating the land.RHL activities based on local superior plants in Girimulyo Village for the first time in 2020 by a Forest Farmers Group (KTH), namely KTH Agro Mulyo Lestari (AML) with a land area of 15 ha.Community enthusiasm for this program continues today with a total area of 341.5 ha.Details of the RHL land area are presented in Table 3 below.

Source : BPDAS WSS in 2022
The planting location of 15 ha in the first year uses a participatory system where only the community is willing to participate in RHL activities.The land distribution pattern that is applied does not have to be in one stretch but spread over various locations.This pattern is considered very effective because it can attract the attention of farmers who own land around the RHL location.This is marked by an increase in community enthusiasm in participating in RHL activities.2021 is the second year that RHL activities in Girimulyo Village have increased with a total land area of 100 ha.In the third year, the community is increasingly enthusiastic about increasing to 226.5 ha as shown in Table 3 above.This phenomenon illustrates that there is a change in the mindset of the people who initially did not want to participate in RHL activities, but with this pattern and the positive impact on the socio-economic aspects, the community is willing and enthusiastic in RHL activities based on the local superior plant siger avocado.
When the measurement of location certainty is completed, the distribution of seeds is carried out.Quality and superior seeds are one of the keys to the success of RHL.Forest areas have become a support for the economy and livelihood of farmers, so the type and quality of RHL plant seeds is very important.RHL crops that cannot provide an increase in the farmers' economy will continue to be disturbed because they are not in demand.Therefore it is important to choose the type of seed that people are interested in.Siger avocado is a local superior plant originating from Grimulyo Village, Marga Sekampung District, East Lampung.An effort to find superior siger avocado seeds was carried out by Mr. Anto Abdul Mutholib from 2009 to 2014 using the grafting or grafting technique as shown in Figure 3a.
The siger avocado plant became widely known in 2017 which has the advantage that in a year it can produce up to 125 kg of fruit.Siger avocado weight ranges from 500-900 grams per fruit.Characteristics of the fruit has an elongated round shape, butter-yellow flesh, thick flesh and small seeds as can be seen in Figure 4   The types of seeds used in RHL activities in Girimulyo Village were siger avocado and areca nut seeds.Siger avocado as the main crop and areca nut as intercrops.The selection of the main types of seeds, which are only siger avocados, is the will and condition of the Girimulyo community.The Girimulyo community does not want to participate in RHL activities if the plants used are other than siger avocados.The type determination is carried out by the community because the community focuses on productive seeds that can produce and improve people's welfare.
Planting is an activity of moving seeds from the seeding site to the planting area.Seasonal planting is an important factor in the success of forest and land rehabilitation.The RHL planting pattern uses an agroforestry cropping pattern with a total of 400 plants and 100 filler plants with details; 200 productive/vegetative RHL plants as superior broodstock, 200 generative RHL plants, and 100 stems of filler or intercropping plants.Implementation of planting in the field farmers are given freedom in determining the spacing as long as the number of plants that have been set can be planted all on the land.Planting distances include 5m x 5m, 6m x 4m or 10m x 2.5m.
RHL activities based on local superior plants have an impact on cropping patterns.The community now uses a simple agroforestry cropping pattern.The agroforestry cropping pattern is a land use step by combining forestry activities with agricultural activities in an optimal and sustainable manner in a land management unit by taking into account the ecological, social, economic and cultural conditions of the community (Rajagukguk et al., 2018).The combination of plant species with agroforestry patterns can increase farmer income apart from the main crop income (Febryano, 2008., Kholifah et al., 2017and Wanderi et al., 2019).Implementation of RHL activities, ongoing maintenance is carried out intensively.Maintenance includes embroidery work, manging, fertilizing and controlling plant pests and diseases.Maintenance of distributed RHL plants is funded by BPDAS WSS until the third year.Implementation in the maintenance field is carried out independently by farmers.The chairman of Gapoktanhut Agro Mulyo Lestari said that: "If we look at the funds provided for RHL activities in Girimulyo Village, it is indeed very minimal to reach the maintenance stage.However, farmers without having to be asked and told to carry out maintenance independently, be it weed eradication, fertilizing and drying.This is because farmers realize and have high hopes that siger avocado plants can generate quite a lot of money in the future." The high participation of farmers in the RHL program based on local superior crops illustrates the success of community empowerment in RHL activities.This is because farmers have the desire to maintain and care for RHL plants properly.Farmers will plant and maintain crops independently if it can have a direct impact on farmer income (Pradana et al., 2021).In line with Yuwono and Himanto's research (2015) that almost all respondents said that maintenance activities had an effect on improving the quality of plants.This means that they are aware that maintenance is quite important in plant cultivation and they have experienced the impact of the maintenance activities they have carried out on the quality of plant growth.Kurniawan et al., (2020) said that woody plants, agriculture and plantations, in principle, do not require intensive maintenance.The avocado plant is a type of MPTS plant (Wanderi et al., 2019).In principle, the use of this species is oriented towards non-timber forest products, namely fruit.Efforts to achieve this require maintenance in order to produce optimally economically.Ruhimat, (2013) states that there are three factors for farmers in participating in protecting the forest, one of which is something that can increase farmers' income.
RHL assistance activities were carried out from various stakeholders from BPDAS WSS, forestry extension workers from the UPTD KPH Gunung Balak, and the Mulyo Lestari Agro Forest Farmers Group.Companion officers for forest rehabilitation plant maintenance activities have duties, rights and obligations, namely; increasing public knowledge of the functions and benefits of RHL activities for forest preservation and community welfare, mobilizing and motivating communities to actively participate in RHL plant maintenance activities, conducting socialization of RHL plant maintenance activities, facilitating and bridging communities with the government and or implementers of RHL activities, facilitating strengthening community group institutions, provide guidance and guidance regarding the technical implementation of activities to the community, monitor and evaluate the development of assistance activities.Mentoring activities are presented in Figure 4   Assistance carried out by BPDAS WSS includes providing technical guidance to the Agro Mulyo Lestari Forest Farmers Group in preparing administration and ensuring activities run properly and correctly in the field.Facilitators from KPH Gunung Balak play a role in efforts to increase community knowledge in protecting the environment and ensuring that RHL activities can run well.While the group provides assistance to farmers in administration or implementation in the field both from planting to plant maintenance.Rahmin et al., (2021) said that mentoring efforts can significantly increase the percentage of RHL success.Mentoring activities are related to community empowerment efforts so that people can know, want and are able to carry out activities independently (Indrawati, 2016).

Conclusion and Recomendation
The social engineering implementation of forest and land rehabilitation carried out by the Way Seputih Way Sekampung Watershed Management Center in Girimulyo Village is to use a personal and collaborative management approach with a bottom up principle, namely listening to what the community wants so that a sustainable forest can be achieved for a prosperous community.Social engineering in the pre-conditions carried out is to provide concessions to the community, including, The seeds used are local superior Siger avocado seeds originating from the nursery of the indigenous people of Girimulyo Village, the naming of activities may not use RHL but with the New Model RHL, group naming is simply group farmers do not include the word forest in the mention of the name of the forest farmer group, the mention of the New Model RHL in the implementation of the RHL, the locations of the RHL that are spread, the spacing exemption used and BPDAS WSS are willing to provide assistance in the implementation of the RHL.Coordination between relevant stakeholders needs to be improved in order to avoid differences of opinion in the implementation of activities and the need to increase the human resources of the Agro Mulyo Lestari Forest Farmers Group in order to facilitate the administrative process of managing the administration.
a and b.Based on the above criteria, the siger avocado has been registered with the Center for the Protection of Variety, Plants and Agricultural Licensing (PVTPP Center), Ministry of Agriculture, Number: 1666/PVL/2021 with the name Ratu Puan which stands for the series of tasks for the national agroforestry local flagship program.

Figure 4 .
Figure 4. Assistance for the activity implementing group.

Table 1 .
Multi Parties and their roles in RHL activities

Table 2 .
Community perception of RHL implementationThe public's perception of RHL based on the superior Siger avocado plant both in social, economic and ecological aspects is in the high category.The community's perception of forestry plant-based RHL activities (trees) is in the moderate category.The community does not agree with forestry plants (trees) but the community only wants siger avocado plants.Communities consider forestry plants to be woody plants such as mahogany, sengon, bayur, sonokeling and others, the wood of which cannot be used due to the prohibition of logging in protected forest areas, while avocados are MPTs which have economic value other than wood/trunk.

Table 3 .
Extent of RHL activities in Girimulyo village.